Free

Free Will and Responsibility EssayResponsibility is being able to get laid and recognize that an outcome happened because of a choice. Responsibility is also accepting accountability for a particular choice. Once a person learns self-control, and can take reprove rather than place blame, he or she can become a happy and successful person.Usually, everyone is capable of being responsible for his or her choices. As frequently as we might often see responsibility as a burden, it is one of the most important character traits in life. In most cases, thither is no other person to blame for what your life is beside yourself. One example of being responsible is going to bed earlier so that Im rested for school or work. Responsibility involves self-discipline. In order to get to school and work on time, I have to make sure that I go to bed on time.Being irresponsible is easier, less time consuming, and less challenging. Placing blame on others is always the easiest way out of any situ ation, and it neer fixes a problem. When you allow others to be responsible for you, you give away the power to control your life and the freedom to be who you want to be.When I allow myself to placate up late and talk on the phone, I am not fully rested and often late to school. When I am working as a lifeguard in the summer, not being rested can cause me to not perform my duties to the best of my ability. I am less alert, which puts peoples lives in danger.Imagine how great the world would be if everyone would take on one more ounce of responsibility for themselves and for their community. As Eleanor Roosevelt said, In the long run, we take form our lives, and we shape ourselves. The process never ends until we die. And the choices we make are ultimately our own responsibility.

From A Basement on the Hill and School Life Essay Example for Free

From A Basement on the Hill and School Life EssayFargonwell speech 1-In this farewell speech I am not saying goodbye to the five years I fork over spent here, for in every panorama of school life we feed left a mark and each experience can return upon reflectionThese experiences compose the pages of our book of life. Tonight we, the authors of this book, are writing again. This graduation experience will be beat a part of it. If you re-read it some day, it will tell you of success. A success of symbolizing years of labor and encouragement on the part of our parents who have raised us, given us guidance in our quest for happiness and success teachers who have helped us oer this step in school life our friends who are an essential part of your life. To the students in the auditorium now, I say this. Live your life to the fullest and get every troy ounce of worth out of it. High school life will now open new doors for you. You will meet new friends and attain to get along with people, to give and to take. You will belong to athletic teams and will learn sportsmanship, learn acceptance of victory and defeat. Scholastically, more demands will be made of you. You will learn to take responsibility.Make your years at high school full in every respect. You will never live these years again and thither is so ofttimes to do. Prepare yourself now for the job to come or university life. Because there is more to learn, more people to meet, more demands. So very much is up to you.Dont be discouraged by failure or disappointment. Failure is a challenge which we must all pick up and fight openly. In overcoming it, we add excitement and suspense to our story.By learning everything I can from this world and its people, by doing everything I can for this world and its people, in years to come I may find the answers, the strength, whatever I see, when I reread what I have writtenwhat you have helped me to write.Tonight I believe that I have stated my preface, the reason for writing my book. If I have fulfilled my purpose, then I have said something that will merit some attention in the book you are writingThe words of a songThe web of time entangles and enslavesEnjoy the world. Enjoy it while you may.Each moment that your heart is floggingTime is passing, Time is fleetingLive your life. Live it every day.Farewell speech 2-Farewell 98 Beware, Its a Wide World prize Principal Sir, Vice-Principal Sir, Teachers, and all my dear friends, including those who are graciously bunking. I looked around for farewell speeches but I couldnt find any worthwhile so I wrote this myself which is why this wont take long. We are gathered here, as most of us probably know, not only for the kachoris, but to bid a strong farewell to the students of Class XII who are leaving the esteemed establishment of the Kendriya VidyalayaSangathan, and venturing out into the real world. We dont know what truths they will find out there, what experiences they will have and we can o nly shower them with our best wishes and words of encouragement. Im not too good with words so I thought Id gift my message clearer with a few lines from a Maxi Priest song. I think it goes somewhat like this But if you want to leave,Take good care.Hope you find a lot of nice friends out there.Just remember theres a lot of bad. Beware.Its a wide world.But most of us wont have a problem there because weve spent a lot of our years in KV, where along with the regular by the book education we are imparted with values. All through and through your school life you have probably been wondering what exactly the teachers were prattling on about but now that its time for you to leave your sheltered life and go out into the real world, now, you will realise the value of those words that our teachers painstakingly drone into us. And these moments of emotion will be the last that youll be spending in the shelter of our school. Within a month youd have left the shelter of your cocooned school lives and all you ugly caterpillars will flutter off in unhomogeneous directions as beautiful butterflies into a world where you know not what awaits you.But through your lives youll always remember your days here, fondly I hope. And within those memories of friends, teachers and the welter of pleasant and unpleasant experiences may you remember the lessons that this school and its dedicated staff of teachers have taught. And may those lessons guide you on your paths to realise the dreams youve set out to make true. Because no matter what you do, no matter where you go, all through your lives youll only be richer with the experiences and knowledge that youve gathered in your schooling lives. Id just like to planetary house off with a line from a Bob Dylan number that really contain the essence of what Ive been trying to say here. Goodbye is too good a word, so Ill just say fare-thee-well.

Suicide terrorism

self-annihilation terrorist actSuicide terrorists are said to be fanatics. Discuss this statement with regard to the analysis of self-destruction act of act of act of terrorism and Asymmetric war.This paper is a discussion on new(a) self-destruction terrorism, starting with a brief history of self-annihilation terrorism, moving onto descriptions, characteristics, theories and the asymmetries of felo-de-se terrorism. Suicide terrorism screw be dated back to ancient times it is the evolution of the suicide bomber that brings the most notoriety. With m any(prenominal) analysts such as (Gunaratna, 2000 Winkates, 2006), trace the evolution of modern suicide terrorism to Sri Lanka and Lebanon in the 1980s. Acts of suicide terrorism in the past birth been relatively confined and their use exceptional to a small number of locations around the world. In the last decade thither has been a signifi put forwardt expansion in the scope and frequency of suicide terrorist trys. The n umber of terrorist eruptions fell from 660 in 1988 to 250 in 1998 the number of suicide terrorist attacks was climbing rapidly (Clayton, 2003, p. 18). This increase in suicide attacks during the period 2000-2005 is 2.7 times greater in comparison to the period beginning in the 1980s and lasting until 1999 (Pedahzur Perlinger, 2006, p. 1987).During the period 2000-2009 the scope of suicide terrorism expanded dramati bellyachey, with suicide terrorist attacks in Indonesia (Bali), Sri Lanka, Jordan, Israel, Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Saudi-Arabian Arabia, Egypt, the coupled States, England, Spain, Russia, Chechnya and Bangladesh. Although there devote been suicide attacks within the west, it is the rapid increase of attacks within countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq that is the notable with a year on year increase. Saudi Arabia became so alarmed with the rise in suicide terrorism that in April of 2006 the Saudi government announced plans to build a multibillion-dolla r electrified fence along its 560 cc b baseball club with Iraq (Dreazen Shiskin, 2006, p. A1). According to ISAF, in 2008 suicide bombings increased 26 percent from 2007(ISAF, 2009, toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan, January 2009). There has withal been a noticeable counterchange in the individuals who carry out suicide attacks, at once seen as mainly carried out by young men for either Religious or policy-making reasons and yet there has been an increase in the number of women and children now playing an increasing part in suicide missions . One of the latest attacks took place on the Moscow subway, cleanup spot 35 and wounding many more both of these attack where carried out by female suicide bombers. Suicide terrorism keep be seen as inexpensive, deadly, and especially effective in accomplishing terrorists goals (Hoffman, 2003, p. 1 Jalalzai, 2005, p.110) attacks have also nonplus increasingly effective in terms of the destruction they arrest and the number o f people they kill, as the suicide terrorists adopt new innovations such as explosive vests (Gall, 2006, p. A15).There is an asymmetry within suicide terrorist attacks, western countries have a reliance upon smart weapons in the conflict against those seen as terrorists. These weapons lowlife cause huge amounts of damage without the need to directly attack the enemy with ground troops, therefrom slightoning the casualties sustained during combat operations.The use of a suicide bomber in effect run lows the charitable equivalent to the smart bomb. The weapon is self directing to the come in, it can make changes to the target location, timing and yieldy method on an ad hoc bases making the suicide bomber the ultimate smart bomb (Hoffman 2003). The use the human body as a weapon is not a new phenomenon being well documented by means of the ages.Pape (2005, p.11) calls the Zealots and the Sicarii the worlds first suicide terrorists. The name sicarrii room dagger-men, who would infiltrate Roman-controlled cities and stab Jewish collaborators or Roman legionnaires with a sica, kidnap the staff of the Temple Guard for ransom, or poison their enemies (Bloom, 2005, p. 8). The Zealots and Sicarii used forces group to pull ahead public uprising, including the Jewish War of AD 66. They would attack their victims in broad daylight and in highly public places with little apparent regard for their throw safety or escape. Pape (2005) notes that many of these attacks must have been suicide missions, since the killers were often immediately captured and put to shoemakers last typically tortured and then crucified or burned-out alive (p. 12). Assassins were an 11th 12th century Shia Muslim sect from the Nizari state, their name, the assassins comes from the Arabic word hashishiyyin. According to Pape (2005), the Assassins created an effective organization for the planned, systematic, and long-term use of political executing that relied on suicide missions for victory. Pape (2005) reports that in the midst of 1945 and 1980, suicide attacks temporarily disappeared from the world scene (p.13). Pape (2005) and others (Laqueur, 2003) note the occurrence of politically- and/or unearthlyly driven hunger strikes and suicides (particularly self-immolations) during this period merely Pape (2005) claims there is not a single recorded instance of a suicide terrorist killing others while killing himself (p. 13). Reuter (2004) disagrees, citing a pro-Palestinian Japanese Red Army-sponsored attack on Israels Ben Gurion International Airport on May 20, 1972. In what Reuter (2004) notes as the first suicide attacks in the Middle East, on this day three Japanese gunmen with machine guns killed twenty-four people at the airport. They made no effort to escape, and two were shot dead by the airport guard (Reuter, 2004, p. 136).Inspired by Irans use of human minesweepers against Iraq, al-Jihad, launched a series of attacks against Western and Israeli targ ets in Lebanon (Winkates, 2006, p. 92). Hizbollah suicide attackers killed 80 and wounded 142 in its April 1983 attack on the American Embassy in Beirut, killed 241 and wounded 81 in its October 1983 attack on the US Marine home plate near Beirut and its attack against the cut Multinational Force, killed 58 and wounded 15 (Winkates, 2006, p. 92). In November 1983, Hizbollah suicide terrorists killed 88 and wounded 69 in an attack on the Israeli Defence Force headquarters in Tyre and a month later killed four and wounded 15 in an attack on the American Embassy in Kuwait (Winkates, 2006, p. 92). Sprinzak (2000) notes that Hizbollah leaders were initially rattling uneasy about the decision to launch suicide attacks, under the reasoning that Islam does not approve of believers taking their own lives. Hezbollahs outstanding success at achieving its goals of expelling foreign forces from all of Lebanon inspired other organizations such as Hamas, Tamil Tigers and al-Qaeda to adopt the suicide terrorist method of attack (Pape, 2005, p. 14). The Tamil Tigers were founded in 1972 as a Marxist, ethnic Tamil, Hindu separatist group seeking independence from the Sinhalese Buddhist majority in Sri Lanka. Their sour Tiger division trained to launch suicide attacks against Sri Lankan political leaders, military targets and civilians (Pape, 2005 Winkates, 2006). Hafez (2006) observed that outside of the Middle East, the Tamil Tigers have led the pack in the number and sophistication of suicide missions. It is estimated that the organization completed some(a) 250 successful suicide attacks between 1987 and 2006 (Hafez, 2006, p. 5).In the early 2000s, ethno nationalist and Islamist Chechens began launching suicide attacks against Russian targets (Hafez, 2006, p. 5). Al Qaeda began launching attacks against American and Saudi targets in the Middle East in the mid-1990s. Al Qaedas spectacular entry into the suicide terrorist hall of fame occurred on August 7, 1998 when suicid e terrorists used two delivery trucks loaded with explosives to blow up within minutes of each other, the American embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, killing a total of 224 people and injuring more than 4,300 persons (Reuter, 2004, p. 142). A little more than two years later, in October of 2000, Al Qaeda suicide bombers detonated 225 kg of explosive charges alongside the American destroyer, the USS Cole on a refuelling stop in the Yemeni port of Aden, killing 17 American sailors and injuring forty. A year later, Al Qaeda suicide terrorists launched their principal suicide operation and what is described as one of the biggest single suicide terrorist action to date, the 9/11 attacks in the united States, killing about 3,000 (Reuter, 2004, p. 144). This attack lead to explanations of suicide terrorism becoming defined as, first, that the suicide terrorist was irrational and/or mentally ill (Brym Araj, 2006 Pastor, 2004 Wintrobe, 2003).Secondly that the deprivat ion supposal this theory uses the explanation that that suicide terrorists were educationally, economically or otherwise deprived compared to their peers (Brym Araj, 2006 Krueger Maleckova, 2002 .In recent years the Bush Administration has advanced both of these theories in some of its anti-terrorist expression. President Bush repeatedly spoke out against the evil and irrational terrorists who commit these actions. The Bush Administration argued that poverty reduction programs in terrorism-prone regions pull up stakes geld the incidence of suicide terrorism (Pastor, 2004 Pape, 2005). Numerous studies have found little or no support for these two theories of suicide terrorism, recent studies have provided secern which directly refutes these theories. Krueger Maleckovas, study in 2002, on the economics and education of suicide bombers directly refutes the deprivation hypothesis of suicide terrorism. Krueger Maleckova 2002 concluded that, the evidence that we have assembled and reviewed suggests that there is little direct connection between poverty, education, and participation in or support for terrorism. Indeed, the available evidence indicates that compared with the relevant population, participantswere at least as probably to come from economically advantaged families and to have a relatively high level of education as they were to come from impoverished families without educational opportunities (Krueger Maleckova 2002 p. 9).Numerous studies have set up that overall, suicide terrorists do not suffer from personality disorders or mental illnesses which would relieve their participation in suicide terrorism (Berko Erez, 2005). As Wintrobe 2003 argued, it is possible to develop suicide terrorist acts in rational choice terms, and that, while such acts are indeed extreme, they are merely an extreme example of a general secern of behaviour in which all of us engage (Wintrobe 2003 p. 2). Explaining that, suicide terrorist is not necessarily irratio nal. A third theory of suicide terrorism focuses on the deviate of culture, especially religious culture, on suicide terrorists (Brym Araj, 2006). These explanations have often been used to explain suicide terrorism among Shia Muslims, based on the tradition of the cult of resign (Hafez, 2006 Bloom, 2005). Although this fails to explain the existence of suicide terrorism among cultures and religions with no established cult of sacrifice and it cannot sufficiently explain suicide terrorism among secular, nationalist groups (Pape, 2005 Hoffman, 2003). Furthermore, as Brym Araj 2006 extremum to, while such cultural resources likely increase the probability that some groups will engage in suicide attacks, one must be diligent not to exaggerate their significance. One difficulty with the concussion of civilizations argument is that public assent polls show that Arabs in the Middle East hold strongly favourable attitudes toward American science and technology, freedom and democra cy, education, movies and tv set, and largely favourable attitudes toward the American people. They hold strongly negative attitudes notwithstanding toward American Middle East policy. This is less evident of a clash of civilizations than a deep political disagreement (Brym Araj 2006 p. 1973).A more recent theory of suicide terrorism has been offered by Robert Pape (2003, 2005). found on his analysis of suicide terrorism from 1980 done 2004, Pape presented a three-part modelling describing the causal logic of suicide terrorism. Papes theory de-emphasizes the role of religion including Islamic fundamentalism and focuses on the role of terrorist organization strategy and secular nationalist objectives. Pape argues that suicide terrorism follows a strategic logic aimed at political coercion (Pape, 2005, p. 21). Pape argues that suicide terrorism is part of an organizations broader campaign to achieve political objectives, usually in response to a foreign occupation. Pape goes on to argue that suicide terrorism also follows a social logic since terrorist organizations often command broad social support within the national communities from which they recruit (Pape, 2005, p. 22).A number of analysts, including Bruce Hoffman (1998, 2003) have advanced explanations of suicide terrorism which propose rationale-choice models emphasizing the role of organizational factors that support Papes theory. Theorists have argued that Papes theory is overly simplistic (Atran, 2006 Bloom, 2005 Brym Araj, 2006). Brym Araj 2006 argues that strategic thinking is only one piece that whitethorn combine with others in the creation of a suicide bomber (Brym Araj 2006 p. 1972). Atran has recently challenged Papes theory on a number of points, including Papes sampling methods which completely subtraction the explosion of suicide terrorism in Iraq (Pape 2005, p. 130). Atran calls into question Papes dismissal of the role of ideology and religious fundamentalism as well as his asse ssments of the effectiveness of suicide terrorism (Atran, 2006, p. 132). Other recently emerging theories of suicide terrorism include Pedahzur Perlingers 2006 social network perspective explaining suicide terrorism in terms of social motivations and Blooms multi-factor model of suicide terrorism (2005). There is a development towards more complex models of suicide terrorism accounting for the role of individual, social, cultural, strategic, ideological, and organizational motivations and factors in suicide terrorism (Smith, 2004).Defining terrorism especially the suicide terrorism will never be an easy task, as Dershowitz (2002, p.4) observes, there is difficulty in a definition that everyone can agree upon is illustrated by the catchphrase, One mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter. Dershowitz (2002, pp. 4-5) breaks down most definitions of terrorism into three main elements 1) the nature of the targeted victims 2) the nature of those who commit the military group and 3 ) the method by which the terrorist seeks to influence their audiences. Atran (2003, p.1535) observes that the concept of terror as systematic use of violence to attain political ends was first codified by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. Robespierre saw terror as an emanation of virtue that delivered swift justice (Atran, 2003, p. 1535). Another major difficulty occurs in separating the concepts of terror and terrorism. Pape (2005, p. 9) explains that terrorism involves the use of violence by an organization other than a national government to intimidate or frighten a target audience. Pape (2005, p. 9) explains further that most terrorist strikes or campaigns have two general purposes to gain supporters and to coerce opponents. While Papes (2005) definition excludes the possibility of state-sponsored terrorism, numerous other definitions are wide enough to include terrorist acts conducted by or on behalf of a nation state as well as those conducted by private or ganizations or individuals (Dershowitz, 2005 Winkates, 2006).Winkates (2006,pp. 88-99) defines terrorism as the premeditated threat or use of violence against persons or property, designed to intimidate non combatant victims, the object of which is to change or to stabilize private or public policy. Definitions of suicide terrorism combine the concepts of terrorism and suicide. As with definitions of terrorism, the definitions of suicide terrorism found in the literature vary. Hafez notes, one business in defining suicidal terrorism concerns the heterogeneous possible perspectives on the acthow one describes acts of self-immolation committed in order to kill others is a task fraught with controversy. Those whose support these acts of violence prefer to call them martyrdom operations, and their perpetrators heroes and freedom fighters. Those who oppose them prefer to call them homicide bombers, suicide terrorists, or suicidal murderers (Hafez, 2006, p.4).Hafezs own definition of su icide terrorism relies on the more descriptive term of suicide bomber or human bomb which is defined as an individual who willingly uses his or her body to carry or deliver explosives or explosive materials to attack, kill or main others (Hafez, 2006,p. 4). Blooms definition of suicide terrorism is defined as a violent, politically motivated attack, carried out in a deliberate state of awareness by a person who blows himself or herself up together with a chosen target. The premeditated certain death of the perpetrator is the precondition for the success of the attack (2005, p. 76). In terms of the objectives of suicide terrorism, Bloom describes this as, although a suicide attack aims to physically destroy an initial target, its special use is typically as a weapon of psychological warfare intended to affect a larger public audience. The primary target is not those actually killed or injured in the attack, but those made to witness itThrough indoctrination and training and under ch arismatic leaders, self contained suicide cells canalize disparate religious or political sentiments of individuals into an emotionally bonded group (Bloom, 2005, p. 77). Pedahzur states that suicide terrorism includes a diversity of violent actions perpetrated by people who are aware that the odds they will return alive are close to zero (2005, p. 8). Pape agrees in that , What distinguishes a suicide terrorist is that the attacker does not expect to survive the mission and often employees a method of attack such as a car bomb, suicide vest, or ramming an airplane into a building that requires his or her death in order to succeed. In essence, suicide terrorists kill others at the same time that they kill themselves (2005, p. 10). Pape further argues that a broad definition of suicide terrorism could include any operation that is designed in such a way that the terrorist does not expect to survive it, even if he or she is actually killed by patrol or other defenders. Pape also argu es that We might call such operations suicide missions instead of suicide attacks (2005, p. 10). Winkates argues that the best litmus test for definitive suicide terrorism is the intentional and successful sacrifice of a human life to achieve a terrorist objective (2006, p. 89).Hoffman (2003) argues that two key characteristics of suicide terrorism explain its growing popularity with terrorists groups around the world suicide bombings are inexpensive and effective (p. 2). While coordinated multi-target attacks such as the 9-11 attacks and the London bombings may require panoptic planning and considerable investment, even these types of suicide terrorist attacks are less expensive than many conventional terrorist attacks and definitely less expensive than funding an army. The majority of suicide attacks are carried out by individuals, minimizing the amount of investment and administrative overhead. The reliance on human bombs provides terrorists with the ultimate smart bomb (Hoffman , 2003, p. 2). Such smart bombs can be extremely efficient and effective. One of the characteristics of suicide terrorism is its effectiveness against the selected target. As of 2003, suicide terrorism accounted for just three percent of all general terrorist acts, but for 50% of all terrorism-related deaths (Clayton, 2003, p. 18). This is another factor contributing to its effectiveness. The high-kill rate of suicide terrorism increases the amount of terror such attacks instigate in target populations. As Furedi 2007 notes, The threat represented by mass-casualty terrorism is not confined to its capacity for destruction. Public dread of this phenomenon is underpinned by the assumption that this is a treat that is freakish and random and its effect incalculable (Furedi, 2007, p .7) adding further to the overall result suicide terrorism becomes effective in producing fear, justifying its deployment in conflict, by highlighting the unforeseeable ability of the act, to produce more fear than the actual act. The act of suicide terrorism highlights an important asymmetry terrorist need to be successful only once to kill Americans and demonstrate the inherent vulnerabilities they face, (US Congress, 2002). The asymmetry of suicide terrorism is not only the causation destruction, but to seize the attention of Governments and the population of the nation it targets, as Laqueur (1999) notesterrorism has been with us for centuries, and it has always attracted inordinate attention because of its dramatic character and its sudden, often wholly unexpected, occurrence. (Laqueur, 1999 p, 3)Asymmetric terrorism reaches out not merely with the use of physical violence but through the symbolic transgression of social morality and national security. Terrorism, as Townshend, (2000) Laqueur, (1999) Chomsky, (2001) have suggested, goes right to heart of what makes us safe it forces us to pay attention to it whether we want to nor not. The proliferation of video taped messages f rom leaders of suspected terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda is a will to the symbol over the actual act of physical violent there is nothing violent in the images of Osama bin Laden addressing the world through the Aljazeera television networks but it has symbolic presence in a world that is dominated by media and communication technology, as Van der Veer and Munshi (2004) suggest, one of the major successes of modern terrorist organisations is their ability to use the resources of their enemies the Internet, satellite television, mobile phones and the mass media. Even the condemnation of terrorists in the media, can aid the cause of terrorist organizations by describing physical acts of violence through the duality of good and evil or right and wrong, the Western media merely serve to elevate and obfuscate the real nature of terrorism which, as seek has shown1, is far more fractured and complex. In this sense, much of the terrorist organizations aim, of seizing attention, is actua lly carried out by the opposing media eager for a story and for a simple answer. Suicide terrorism has become a relatively successful military and political strategy the 9/11 attackers commanded the attention of the world not only through their own efforts but through their targets media the American television companies, the European press and the global media conglomerates all shared in the process of captivating the publics imagination that, as Towshend(2000) notes dramatically amplifies the anxiety about security which is never far from the surface of club. (Townshend, 2000 8), the communication of the message and the success of this are inextricably linked to the terrorist organisation itself. A highly ordered group with distinct political aims is likely to be more successful in delivering its message than a disparate, non-focused organisation whose aim is to administer confusion and fear. Douglass McFerran(1997) details that many of the IRA campaigns of the 1970s and 80s ha d distinct short term as well as long term political aims, very often terrorist attacks on mainland Britain were specifically concerned with achieving a specific political target such as protesting over the widespread imprisonment of suspected terrorists or the treatment of those all ready in prison.As Townshend details this is not the case in every terrorist act the PanAm flight 103 attacks for instance that saw a plane explode over town of Lockerbie in 1988 had no prior demands or message attached to them and very little admission of guilt afterward (Just, Kern and Norris, 2003 285).The nature of the attack is likely to influence the success of the communication of demands Dobkin (1992) details that in 1970 members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijacked three airliners in order to not only secure the attention of the worlds media in which they were successful, but to demand the release of a number of Palestinian prisoners in British military jails. T heir demands were largely met and most of their hostages were released however when compared to the contemporary Munich terrorist kidnapping where members of the Black September group killed eleven Israeli athletes in an attempt to secure the release of 236 Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails.Hoffman (1998) details that the Munich kidnappings were not only failures in terms of communicating and achieving recognisable demands but also in media manipulation The Palestinians had not only failed to obtain their principal, stated demand the release of terrorists imprisoned in Israel and West Germany but, to many observers, had hopelessly tarnished the morality of their cause in the eyes of the world. Indeed, international opinion was virtually unanimous in its condemnation of the terrorists operation. (Hoffman, 1998 p, 72). But, again, this can often have the opposite to the desired effect. Robert Singh (2003) suggests that the 9/11 attacks merely served to strengthen the socio-poli tical position of the American people, the very group that came under attack he also suggests that the security systems around the globe became more vigilant and aware of any gaps in their processes sooner than initiating a transformation, 9/11 accelerated trends, policies and approaches that were well established. If the attacks most immediate political effects were certainly dramatic the Bush administrations approval ratings soared and public office in the federal government attained levels unseen since the early 1960s (Singh, 2003 p,52).Al-Qaeda, built upon this position when coalition forces invaded Iraq and later Afghanistan, the fear that is produced by asymmetric warfare attacks is sometimes seen as the main outcome, Somali rebels succeeded in influencing the American public, after pictures of dead American soldiers where broadcast on CNN, in the same way as the Madrid Suicide bombings had on the Spanish public, directly influencing government policy and leading to the with drawal of Spanish troops from Iraq, the American government forced by the public outcry pulled troops out of Somalia. With limited resources and limited damage to western societies al-Qaeda, has managed to change the very ideals for which it is said the war on terror is conducted. It has become a norm in Europe that after a terrorist attack, new security legislation and other measures are established to combat the threat of terrorism however most of these policies seem to neglected the human rights of the citizens. These changes are highlighted by Arce (et,al 2009) the traditional treatment of terrorism-as-asymmetric-conflict in terms of the relative resource disparity between terrorists and their ultimate targets, an additional asymmetry exists through the definition of success. For the target government, success is defined in terms of security against all possible attacks whereas for terrorists one success is often enough to alter the political landscape, airways, etc. If one targ et is successfully attacked, then counter terror policy and the competency of the government itselfcan be subject to public scrutiny.(Arce, et,al, 2009). Thinking and organizing in a different manor than an opponent in order to amplify advantages and by doing so also exploit an opponents weakness. Changes to asymmetrical warfare have been greatly affected by the digital age, no matter the policy initiatives in trying to undermine the terrorists propaganda and hike up its own the forum of the internet allows suicide attacks to be displayed to a world audience. The filming of Martyr videos and attacks can serve both as a enlisting campaign reaching to all corners of the world and a forewarning to those who oppose terrorism. Understanding and defining suicide terrorism is open to debate there have been a number of successes in terms of securing specific demands in the past not least of all the 1970 skyjacking operation by the PFLP. However, we have also seen how terrorism can be divi sive, how it can engender the very opposite of what it sets out to do. As we saw with the London bombings, a post 9/11 society is one that treats the threat of terrorism as a consequence of modern city living. This is perhaps the one main reason why terrorism may become considered a strong military strategy today the more terrorist activity there is, the more political value it has, yet the less it affects every day individual life. However, of course, terrorism is perhaps the only strategy that many disenfranchised groups have which may account for its constant presence on the global political stage. Ultimately, however, terrorism is a symbolic act, an act that depends upon fear for its meaning as the public becomes more and more exposed to images and symbols of terror they also become more and more immune. As Baudrillard suggests (2003) the violence of the terrorist is likely to become merely just another image in the media and the terrorist themselves just another face on the tel evision screen and it is this, ironically, that provides its greatest counter measure.In this essay the difficulty in defining, theorising and understanding has been discussed. The asymmetries convoluted within terrorism have also been discussed, present that with the use of digital media and little resources the ability of the target to respond to attack within its own borders can become limited to the change of political policy, which in turn may undermine the authority of the government within its own borders. The September 11 attacks and during the post Cold war era, the world has seen no greater power than the United States. International Relations have seen the control and dominance of the United States over the worlds structure. However, after the Twin Tower attacks, the world started realizing the role of others inner the international arena, these others preferably labeled terrorists questioned the validity of several theories that were formulated as soon as the end of t he Cold War was announced, these theories were trying to predict the dramatis personae and attitude of the world as it entered a new era. It has always been known that every era in history adapts an indication that will mark it as distinctive, and therefore all of those theories were simple speculations on the nature of what could be such an indication. Theories valid, some predicted the rise of democracy and liberalism, others feared the return of barbarism and anarchy. Also, other theories predicted a clash that will divide the borders of the world according to culture, civilization, ethnicity, and most importantly religion. The world has dramatically changed with terrorism as the key player. It is also very clear that the asymmetries involved in terrorism are very powerful, as it was able to question the strength of the United States, and was able to reform the political policies of many world countries. Terrorism is the worlds most fearful enemy, an enemy that is powerful, aggr essive, and most importantly ambiguous. There is no concession within society on terrorism, for many it is not a problem and life continues, for others it has change their view of world order and politics.BIBLIOGRAPHY2008 National Defense Authorization Act (Section 1230, Public Law 110-181) http//www.defense.gov/pubs/OCTOBER_1230_FINAL.pdf Accessed 06/04/2010,Arce, Daniel G Kovenock, Dan Robertson,B, Suicide Terrorism and the Weakest Link, CESIFO on the job(p) PAPER NO. 2753,CATEGORY 2 PUBLIC CHOIC

Origins Of Economic Order Quantity Formula Engineering Essay

Origins Of Economic Order Quantity Formula Engineering EssayThe Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is the amount of wholes that a business should prep are in to the stocktaking to reduce the append comprises of inventory. For instance, club damages, dimension addresss and shortage costs. The model was developed by F. W. Harris in 1913, but R. H. Wilson, a consultant who applied it extensively, is presumption credit for his early in-depth analysis of it. The outline apply to determine EOQ is cognize as the Wilson Formula or the Wilson EOQ Model. The EOQ is used to observe the level of inventory at all cadences it nooky be called as an inventory review system. In addition, a fixed quantity of units is legitimate each time the level of inventory gets to a specific place point. The EOQ is a model of evaluating the suitable reorder point and the most favorable reorder quantity to ensure the immediate refilling of stock without both shortages. This model is important for modes t alliance owners who need to know how much stock to keep, how some units to order when ordering parts, the amount of units to order each time, and frequently to reorder to get the lowest costs. Moreover, ordering a big amount of units a time leave behind increase the holding costs of a small business, while making more often orders of smaller amount of units will decrease the holding costs and increase the order costs. The EOQ model will find the amount to be ordered to smear these costs and ordering the most cost useful quantity. The EOQ model analyzes the demand as constant, and the stock is lessen at a fixed rate to reach zero. When the level gets to zero, a particular amount of units and set down the stock level to its initial level.Other reviews rush been discussed in early EOQ papers but much of the history of this model has been left untouched. For example, Raymond 1931, Whitin 1954 and Mennell 1961. All the citations partn to Harriss paper was incorrect, it seems that nobody has been able to find the paper. The inaccurate citation give by Raymond 1931 shows the misplacement of the original model. The first proper citation of Harriss model was by Whitin 1954 who references Harris via a citation given in Raymonds work. A search of the Social Sciences Citation Index from 1966 through 1987 yielded 15 references to Harriss paper, and every citation resembled that given by Raymond.The variables used in the EOQ formula analysisThe costs of inventoryReorder cost (RC)Unit cost (UC)Holding cost (HC)Shortage cost (SC) exact (D)Order quantity (Q)Cycle time (T)The three steps put one overn in the derivation of EOQ formulaFirst evaluate the total cost of a stock turnThen divide the value by the rung length which will result in cost per unit time.Minimizing the cost per unit timeDerivation of EOQ formulaAmount of stock entering the cycle = amount of stock leaving the cycle Q = D - TTotal cost per cycle = unit cost + reorder cost + holding cost (comp non pareilnt)Total cost per cycle = UC + RC + HC (component)Now calculate each element of the total cost separatelyUnit cost component = Unit cost (UC) - Number of parts ordered (Q)Unit cost component = UC - QReorder cost component = Reorder cost (RC) - Number of orders made (1)Reorder cost component = RCHolding cost component = Holding cost (HC) - Average inventory () - Time repulsen (T)Holding cost component =Now add these components together to get the total cost per cycleTotal cost per cycle = UC + RC + HC (component)Total cost per cycle = + RC +Finding the total cost per cycle is the first step of the derivation. Now divide the total cost by the cycle time (T) to get the total cost per unit time (TC).Total cost per unit time (TC) = + +But Q = D - T D = or T =Substituting this in the total cost per unit time (TC)Total cost per unit time (TC) = UC - D + +The third step is to minimize the total cost per unit time. The derivative of the total cost per unit time (TC) with respect to Q and pull out the result equal to zero.= + = 0 = = EOQ =Limitations to EOQ FormulaAssumes that ordering and carrying costs are accurately cognise.It takes the Storage space as unlimited.Ignores the delivery quantities and discounts given.Assumes that the seller controls the delivery scheduling.The results are always carrying a number of stocks. apostrophize structures make up changed. For instance, the ordering costs claim been decreased by e-commerce.Part bThe literature on using economic order quantity (EOQ) and just-in-time (JIT) purchasing have chosen JIT in the last few years, in particular when companies are purchasing to meet high and constant levels of demand, where the JIT method have the advantage of trim down the inventory space (Per square meter) of the firm. On the other hand, even if JIT method can reduce the inventory space of the company, EOQ can be more cost effective. Mainly, JIT is used when the ratio of holding costs to ordering costs becomes so high that it becomes valuable to order as needed. This happens if the holding costs of inventory are high (Computer industry) that the ratio becomes high which leads to the use of JIT. In addition, when the ordering costs is cheap which results in high ratio and the use of JIT is more in effect(p). In two cases the EOQ makes companies use JIT since the quantity that is most cost-effective is so little that money savings can be handd by ordering small batches using JIT method. The implementation of JIT method have improved many firms that still use EOQ purchasing system to con emplacementr switching to JIT purchasing method.Just-in-time methodJIT (also known as stockless return or lean production) means producing only what is needed, when is needed and in the amount is needed. JIT companies store only enough stock to manufacture the goods they want to build up in the near future. Units are ordered on a continuous basis, which are transferred straight into the assembly line. The benefits of JIT method is to reduce inventory levels, reduced leadtime, improve tint and reduced waste and rework. The main objective of this method is to eliminate waste and continuous improvement of productivity. Waste outcome as a result from any activity which adds cost without increasing value. JIT purchasing of parts is completely different than traditional purchasing of parts. Traditional purchasing is by sp ascertaining purchases around and trying to maintain a high level of inventory in case of any rise in demand or whole tone of supplier decreased unexpectedly. However, JIT purchasing enables the supplier to deliver high quality products depending on demand and in a timely fashion. Quality is hardest standard for suppliers to meet, where the JIT purchaser should deal with companies that give statistical analysis to confirm the high quality of products. On the other hand, for the supplier to produce on-time deliveries, it is easier for the supplier to be in the same geographic domain as the customer. In this way the supplier can easily react to any unexpected change in demand and it costs less to make frequent deliveries if required.JIT operates on 3 thingsContinuous time breaker pointTakt timePull systemTakt time is the time to produce a single component or entire product, based on sales. In other words it sets the speed of production to meet the speed of sales.The kanban or pull system is a method to manage the just-in-time production process. The just-in-time method is achieved using kanban system. It is an information system to control the production amount in each process. The following processes go to preceding processes and take what is needed. However, preceding processes must restock what is taken away.Figure 2 (Kanban system)There are 2 main types of kanban system (shown in figure 2)Production kanban Signals to produce more components.Withdrawal kanban (move kanban) Signals to take components from one work center and send them to the next work center.Advantages of JIT methodThe quality of products is improved.Quality is the responsibility of all the staff not only the quality control workers.Cycle times are reduced.Scrap and rework are reduced.Set up times are decreased.Cost savings.Less inventory level of raw materials and finished goods which decrease cost of holding them.More skilled workers who are able to switch tasks.Productivity is increased.higher(prenominal) workers involvementLess space requirementsSmoother production flowBetter relationships with suppliers.Benefits of using the kanban systemBetter managed inventory levels Having too much inventory levels can cause cash flow problems by increasing the expenses on insurance, storage and security. The kanban system eliminates all these costs by lowering the level of inventory.Smoother manufacturing flow The kanban system focuses on the current condition of the system. The production levels are determined to take into account scrap, downtime and the change of equ ipment overtime to make sure that the production record is achieved.Overproduction elimination kanban is less expected to cause overproduction this because the need to make buffer inventory to address unexpected delays.Decreasing the risk of archive obsolescence Products have a shelf life where it can expire if it is not delivered on time.Responsiveness to demand One of the main advantages of kanban system is that it improves responsiveness in relationship to change in demand.Empowerment Another advantage of kanban system that it places the control in the hands of workers that can view the production process. Empowerment is an efficient managerial tool which reinforces training and education among employees.Quality control and self discipline The last advantage to kanban system is its purpose to create an environment with quality management. Kanban system uses small lot surfaces which allow quality control issues to be pointed at the source.All in all, the concept of JIT is not o nly everything must be done fast, but the most significant thing is that the company have an organized resource allocation. It is true that the implementation on JIT is expensive process, but the company can solve its problems and difficulties to achieve high levels of workflow. EOQ system is better for larger companies where the inventory ordering cost cant be split. However, smaller and medium size companies it is better to use JIT system. In other words, JIT system is more advantageous than EOQ for companies whose annual demand levels are low. EOQ can be one of the tools used to achieve JIT method. EOQ is used to find out which elements fit into JIT model and which level of JIT is economically beneficial for the company.Question 2IntroductionIt is quite exceptional for an accident to be related to one single cause. Almost every disaster is the consequence of a chain of events and accident reports usually make a distinction in the midst of the main cause and a number of contribut ing factors.The main root cause is human factors. In order to prevent this source of accidents, the workers are bespeak to regularly train. Next comes the aircraft failures, but this cause is less likely to happen with modern aircrafts. gentlemans gentleman factors included 12 as the most critical factors starring(p) to accidents neglect of communicationComplacencyLack of knowledgeLack of assertivenessLack of team workDistractionsFatigueLack of resourcesPressureStressLack of awarenessNormsThe circumstances of the accident discussed are caused by plenty of the human factors mentioned above.Brief of the accidentThe March 27, 1977, a disaster happened at Tenerife were two 747s were destroyed leaving the highest number of airliner passenger fatalities. The accident killed 583 people when a KLM Boeing 747 was trying to take-off which collided with some other 747 for the Pan Am airlines at the Los Rodeos airport.This accident remains the deadliest disaster in aviation history with 583 fatalities. The KLM Flight 4805 was fully-fuelled and had 248 aboard who were all killed in this accident. On the other hand, the Pan Am Flight 1736 had 335 deaths and 61 survivors, which was hit along its horse sense by the KLMs landing gear, 4 engines and the under belly of the aircraft. Because of the heavy fog and the division of the damaged aircraft after collision, the rescue crew didnt know over 20 minutes that the Pan Am aircraft was involved in the collision.Later investigations show that there were many factors lead to this disasterPilot errorAir duty Control errorCommunications difficultyFog, and airfield obstruction where diversion of air traffic to Los Rodeos airport because of a bombing and a nemesis for another bomb in another airport which lead to shut the airport.All of the mentioned reasons or can be called as the key factors contributed to this catastrophe.Disaster Events and Related Human FactorsFor both planes, Tenerife was an unscheduled stop, and the whole events started with a terrorist bomb planted at Las Palmas airport.Bombing at Las Palmas (Caused confusion and pressure)All the occasions of both planes was routine until they reached the islands, where the well-behaved aviation authorities shut the airport because of a bomb explosion and diverted all the flights to Los Rodeos airport, as well as the 2 Boeing 747 aircraft which took part in this accident.When the Pan Am Flight contacted the Gran Canaria airport, it was notified of the temporary closure. Even though the Pam Am aircrafts crew said that they would like to move around the airport in a holding pattern until the airport give them the landing clearance, the aircraft was ordered to switch to Los Rodeos airport, the same as the KLM aircraft.The bomb explosion at the airport caused distraction and pressure and this is concluded because the air traffic controllers were forcing the Pan AM crew to divert to Los Rodeos airport without realizing that there will be two large B74 7 together with some other aircrafts at a small airport having small and close taxi ways and this lead to the second event.Congestion at Los Rodeos ( wish of resources)It was known that Los Rodeos airport is small to accommodate large aircrafts and even though the air traffic controllers were forcing all the aircrafts to divert there.At least five large aircrafts changed committee to Los Rodeos airport. The airport had one runway and one taxiway which are parallel to each other also it has few taxiways which connect the runway with the main taxiway. During the period of waiting for the Gran Canaria airport to open, the aircrafts occupied so much space which were parked on the main taxiway, which means that the taxiway cant be used for taxiing anymore. Instead, all the departing aircrafts would taxi on the runway and position themselves for takeoff, which is known as runway backtrack.Refuelling (Lack of Knowledge from the KLM senior pilot)The Pan Am Captain had decided to fully ref uel at Los Rodeos instead of Las Palmas, apparently to save time, but by doing so he added extra weight, greatly retarding liftoff (and accident escape) ability, which proved fatal.After the bomb threat at Gran Canaria Airport had been controlled, civil aviation authorities reopened the airport. The Pan Am aircraft was all set for take-off, but it was obstructed by the KLM aircraft and a refuelling fomite and couldnt reach the runway. Due to lack of clearance, the Pan Am couldnt maneuver around the KLM aircraft to each the runway and take-off.Taxiing and weather conditionsIn this event there were more than one factor involved. Started with complacency from the KLM crew concluded from the following events.Subsequent to the towers instructions, the KLM aircraft was cleared to backtaxi and prepare the aircraft for take-off position which was a hard maneuver to complete with a small runway. During the backtaxiing of the KLM aircraft, the ATC controller asked the aircrafts crew to report when it was all set to copy the ATC clearance. Since the crew was completing the checklist, copying of the ATC clearance delayed until the aircraft was already in take-off position. During taxiing, the weather conditions got worse where low clouds and fog limited the visual range.Lack of communicationThe lack of communication occurred between the Pan Am crew and the ATC to start taxiing and this showed when the Pan Am aircraft was instructed to also backtaxi, to follow the KLM aircraft down the same runway, and then leave the runway by taking the third exit on the left of the aircraft and then using the main taxiway parallel to the runway. Firstly, the Pan Am aircraft crew was unclear as to whether the controller had told them to leave from the first or third exit. For this reason, the crew bespeak for clarification where the controller replied by saying The third one, sir one, two, three third, third one. The aircraft started to taxi and carried on to recognize the unmarked taxi ways using an airport diagram as they reached them.Based on the use of the cockpit voice recorder and the space between the taxiways and the position of the aircraft at the moment of collision, the crew successfully identified taxiways number 1 and 2, but according to the discussion in the cockpit they had not seen the third taxiway, which they had been told to take, and this is obvious that there were again a lack of resources inside the airport because it appears that there were no markings or signs to identify the runway exits. And this is followed by another factor which is lack of awareness from the Pan Am crew who were taxiing at a very boring speed because they were appeared to remain unsure of their position on the runway until the collision.Based on an official report from the Spanish authorities appears that there was a lack of knowledge from the ATC who could not explain why the controller had instructed the Pan Am aircraft to use the third taxiway, rather than the sensi ble and easier fourth taxiway.Communication misunderstandings (lack of communication)The event briefed down the stairs shows a lack of communication between the KLM crew and the ATC and this was almost the turn point of the accident.Straight away after lining up, the KLM headman advanced the throttles which is known as spin-up, this is done to confirm that the engines are functioning correctly for takeoff. The co-pilot was shocked by the maneuver, rapidly advised the captain that ATC clearance was not given it. Captain responded, I know that. Go ahead, ask.After that the co-pilot then contacted the tower that the aircraft is ready for takeoff and waiting for our ATC clearance. Due to this, the KLM crew then got instructions which stated the route that the aircraft was to take after takeoff. The instructions given used the word takeoff, but did not contain a clear statement saying that the aircraft is clear to take off.The co-pilot read the flight clearance back to the controller, finishing the readback with a statement saying were now at takeoff, showing the controller that the aircraft was beginning the takeoff roll. The captain interrupt the co-pilots readback with the comment Were going. As seen here, the co-pilot chose not to embarrass his superior (the pilot) a second time by saying that the aircraft did not have the proper clearance to take off, which created a new factor which is a lack of assertiveness, since the co-pilot failed to express his opinion and failed to take a forceful stand on the issue.The CollisionAfter dapple the landing gear lights of the KLM aircraft, the Pan Am crew applied full power and took a sharp turn to the left towards the exit to avoid the collision. The KLM captain also attempted to avoid collision by climbing away which scrapped the tail along the runway for 20 meters. As the KLM aircraft left the ground, its steep go of attack allowed the nose gear not to hit the Pan Am aircraft. But the lower fuselage and the main lan ding gear of KLMs aircraft hit the upper side of the Pan Ams fuselage which ripped it apart directly above the wing. In addition, the right engines of KLMs aircraft hit the Pan AMS passenger cabin behind the cockpit. Due to the thick fog, the firefighters were unaware of the 2 aircrafts involved in this accident focusing on the KLM wreck.ConclusionThe culture of the organization can be described as the things we do things here. It is a conference or company norm.Ultimately, safety culture is an amalgamation of the attitude, beliefs and actions of all the individuals working for the organization and each person should take responsibility for their own contribution towards this culture, ensuring that it is a positive contribution rather than a negative one.Avoiding such an accident in the future can be done by avoiding human factors and this will require a lot of cautious and following of procedures under the flag of safety first.Suggestions to avoid accidents or any type of incident s can be given based on the human factors mentioned beforeDiscuss work before and after completion.Use effective communication.Never work from memory, use procedures no military issue how often you performed the task.Understand what are you doing and use updated references.Express your opinion and disagree with opposite.Take a forceful stand on an issue without being abusive.Dont via media your standards and when in doubt ask questions.Function smoothly and have a good relation with your team.Do not work under fatigue and have another colleague to check your work.Use the right references, equipments and tools.Know your limits and be assertive.Learn when to say NO.Exercise and sleep regularly.

An Analysis of J.M. Coetzees Disgrace

An Analysis of J.M. Coetzees DisgraceThe novel Disgrace by J.M. Coetzee has attracted wide readership and analysis since its first publication. Set in the post-apartheid South Africa, the plot of ground revolves around the main character David Lurie, a divorced 52-year- honest-to-goodness professor who earns a living by teaching communication courses at the Cape Technical University. The resounding conflict in the novel is introduced right from the first paragraph where readers learn of Luries insatiable familiar appetite. He had affairs with the wives of colleagues he picked up tourists in proscribe on the waterfront or at the Club Italia he slept with whores (7). Luries transactionhips thus surround women, worldy who end up in engaging in cozy activities with him. In this paper, the themes of arrogance, disgrace, and reconciliation ar explored by reviewing Luries interactions with the women in the novel. Despite the portrayal of the female gender as objects of sexual gratif ication, the characters Soraya, Desiree Isaacs, and Rosalind signify, to a rea give-and-takeable extent, the rejection of male hegemony on sexual matters.A critical analysis into the life of David Lurie reveals a character whose greatest daub rests in the inability to mark sexual drive. Readers get an idea of the flaw in the first paragraph when Lurie is introduced as a divorced, 52-year-old macrocosm who, to his mind has solved the hassle of sex rather well (1). We also learn that the problem that Lurie alludes to above has been solved through his sexual relationship with Soraya, an exotic Muslim prostitute working for Discreet Escorts. Whereas the two argon committed to a ninety-minute sexual session every Thursday Afternoon, their engagement is clearly devoid of love and enjoyment, especially from the side of Soraya. Elizabeth Lowry, an editor at London redirect examination of Books, finds the relationship of Lurie and women as exploitative. She submits that, both the prost itute Soraya and Melanie-Melni are used women and, significantly, they are both dark (Lowry 15). Money is what drives Soraya to honor this appointment. In fact, the objectification and commoditization of Soraya body is revealed from the knowledge that a sensation sexual session takes a duration of ninety minutes and costs a total of R400 (Coetzee 2).The relationship between Lurie and Soraya however ends in a res publica of disgrace for both characters. Disgrace being a theme which underpins untold of the story, Lurie first instance of disgrace happens when he catches the sight of Soraya walking with her two sons on a street that he frequently walks. The glance of Soraya and her two sons live a lasting impression in Luries mind that, in as much as he would like to forget, the two little boys become presences between them (6). Evidently, the reality of Soraya double life leaves Lurie at a state of shame when he tries to imagine what the two sons and their father would do if they d iscover what he does with Soraya. The feeling is even made worse by the fact that he himself has no son and is divorced. Shame, regret, and dishonor cloud the minds of both these characters. Lurie speaks of she Soraya transforms herself into just another woman and him into just another client (Coetzee 7). It is also in this reality that Lurie comes to terms that he energy just be a subject in the prostitutes gossip. McDonald (2007) puts this new reality into perspective by submitting that the illusion shattered that is when Soraya eyes met that of Lurie is not of her objectivity, but of his avow subjectivity, as he becomes aware of how she sees him (McDonald 20). For the first time, he appears embarrassed of his age body as prostitute tend to shudder over older clients (Coetzee 8).another(prenominal) theme that Coetzee reveals through the relationship of Lurie and women is that of arrogance. Arrogance entails an overbearing attitude directed to people who are perceived as inferior . This arrogance brings to light the hegemonic gender relations between men and women. For instance, after Soraya rejected Luries tendency to regain dominance over her, Lurie re-asserts his dominance when he asks rhetorical questions what should a predator expect when he intrudes into the vixens nest, into the home of her cubs? (Coetzee 10). McDonald (2009) suggests that objectifying Soraya through the use of animal metaphors was a strategy used by Lurie to reclaim dominance and authority (21). Even though the details skirt their Luries marriage to Rosalind are scarce, we can gain a wind of Luries arrogance in the marriage set-up through the thoughts that run through his mind. For instance, in an attempt to guarantee his sexual escapades with Soraya, he appears to suggest that who needs a wife, home or marriage when ninety minutes a week with a womans company are enough to make him happy? This is arrogance of the highest order especially to women who, in marriage setup, tend to be very loyal and submissive. Arrogance is further revealed through Luries encounter with Desiree Isaacs. Despite the fact that he has visited their home to make apology for sleeping with Melanie (a student from his class), one cannot help but wonder how again Lurie still views Desiree through lustful lenses. He for instance describes her as the beauty and the desired one. He even imagines the two of them Melanie and Desiree in the same bed an experience accord for a King (164).However, still through Luries relationship to Soraya, Desiree Isaacs, and Rosalind, the theme of reconciliation is explored as even male hegemony in gender relations is rejected. For instance, Luries makes an attempt to fabricate with Soraya by tracking her to her home. Soraya rejects this and in turn demands commands Lurie to never phone her home again. Desiree on the other hand finds it very hard to reconcile with an old man who had messed up with her sister. In as much as the family had discussed about Lu rie and his planned visit, Desiree still thinks that he is unwanted visitor. She simply cannot come into terms with the reality that her sister, Melanie, had slept with this old man. The attend to of reconciliation between Isaacs, particularly women, is complicated by the gender sexual practice that comes into play. We for instance read of Luries apology when he, with careful ceremony he gets to his knees and touches his supercilium to the floor (Coetzee 173). This gesture however leaves the mother and Desiree unmoved. It can be argued that the rejection of the apology has more to do with the elements of insincerity. According to J.M. Austerities (2016), it is argued that the gesture neither transcends not negates the predicament of gendered sexuality because, a few lines later, we see Lurie experiencing again the current leaps, the current of desire as he looks into the eyes of mother and daughter (J.M. Austerities 160).Nonetheless, Rosalind depicts a woman who has gained contro l over her life and is willing to reconcile with her husband but not necessarily emotionally. She openly expresses distaste for Luries sexual escapades with Melanie. She says, The whole thing is disgraceful from antecedent to end. Disgraceful and vulgar too. And Im not sorry for saying so. (45) Through Rosalind, we see a woman who is not afraid to stand up against a man who had divorced her. However, we can also sense an aspect of Rosalind that is determined to reconcile their differences and be on civil terms. For example, she expresses concern over an article in the argus pheasant news article discussing Lurie. By telephoning and urging Lurie to steel himself, there isa sense of a woman who is on a reconciliation mission.In conclusion, the themes of arrogance, disgrace, and reconciliation are explored in light of gendered-sexual relations between Lurie and characters Soraya, Desiree Isaacs, and Rosalind. Objectification and commoditization of women as sexual tools are the source of Luries arrogance. His character eventually disgraces him when he becomes the objects of self-shame and public ridicule. Because of Luries hegemonic views when he comes to gender relations, the process of reconciliation is complicated to those who cannot explain or accept his behavior.Works CitedCoetzee, J M. Disgrace. Penguin Publishing Group, 2017. Internet resource.J.M. Coetzees Austerities. New York. Routledge, 2016. PrintLowry, Elizabeth. Like a dog. London Review of Books 14 (1999) 12-14.McDonald, William E. Encountering Disgrace Reading and Teaching Coetzees Novel. Rochester, N.Y Camden House, 2009. Print.

AVON Case Analysis Essay -- Business Management Studies Essays

AVON Case AnalysisOrganizational MissionAvon wants to provide everyone with high quality and innovativehealth and beauty products as well as financial opportunities done gross sales representatives that are easily obtainable, in many ways, inevery part of the world. Avon hopes by bringing these products toeveryone everywhere through global markets the company can improve thequality of life for anyone just about the world.Corporate ObjectivesCorporate objectives bring structure to a companys operations soit will sustain growth, achieve its mission/vision and set the outcomeand target for the company to achieve. Corporate objectives includefinancial and strategical objectives.Financial ObjectivesGrowth in SalesIn 2001 the success of the Goodbye to Breast Cancer lipstickcampaign, inventory clearance programs, and the increase of activerepresentatives acquired through the successful implementation of theSales Leadership program resulted in revenues growing 5% from $5,682million in 20 00 to $5,958 million in 2001. The growth in sales was dueto the 9% increase in units because of the success of the programsimplemented that are mentioned above. Avon plans to increase salesannually by continuing to recruit Leadership Representatives aroundthe world, utilizing the Internet to help these Representatives sellAvon products more efficiently, and extending the Avon brand to newproducts and possibly new channels. (3)Bigger profit marginsLower sales in Latin the States than expected and additionalstrategic spending on consumer marketing initiatives caused the slightdecrease in profits for the 2001 year. The drop may have been a dress circleworse if it was not offset by considerable margin improve... ... 3/20/02 Vol 239 P. B12A12. Direct Marketing, Garden City Avon to Target Teens November 2001Anonymous, Volume 64 discipline 7 p. 2213. Investor Relation Business Avon Ups Johansen Editorial Staff, January 28, 2002, p.114. Brandweek, Avon Calls on Upscale Women for Be coming by Christine Bittar, August 13 2001, p.615. Quarterly Report (SEC for 10Q)16. Unbecoming by Moreno, Katarzyna, Forbes, June 10, 2002 Vol. 169 Issue 1317. Business and Company Resource Center Cosmetics, Household, and Personal Care Products US outlook Lewis May 2, 200218. Alliance Formation with Direct exchange Companies Avon and Mattel, Lawrence B. Chonko, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, Winter 99 Vol.19 Issue 1 pg 51.19. Most admired Soap and Cosmetic Companies, 2002. Fortuen, March 4, 2002. pg. 77

new york stock exchange Essays -- essays research papers

     The New York Stock Exchange traces its origin back 200 years. Centuries of growth and innovation the NYSE remains the creative activitys foremost securities marketplace. Over the years its commitment to investors has been unwavering and its persistent application of the latest technology has allowed it to maintain a level of market reference and service that is unparalleled. The NYSE has grown to become the global marketplace of today.     Each day on the NYSE trading floor and auction takes place. Open drama and offers are managed on the trading floor page of NYSE.com by exchange members acting on behalf of institutions and individual investors. Buy and sell orders for each listed security run into directly on the trading floor in assigned locations. The NYSE trading floor contains 20 posts with more that 400 trading positions. Prices are set(p) through supply and demand. Stock buy and sell orders funnel through a single location en suring that the investor no matter how big or itty-bitty is exposed to a wide range of buyers and sellers.     The NYSE is an agency auction market. This means The essential point is that trading at the NYSE takes place by open bids and offers by Exchange members, acting as agents for institutions or individual investors. A member firm is a company or individual who owns a "seat" on the trading floor. Only member firms are allowed to buy and sell securities on the trading f...